Grammar
The grammar rules in Orian are constantly being developed to make the language as easy to use and understand as possible.
Nouns[edit]
Nouns in Orian work pretty much like any other language, although they have a negative form.
Negative forms of pronouns are achieved with the nae- prefix.
Example: naekari (dark/not-light)
Some nouns can even be used as verbs, such as ori, which uses the noun as an infinitive verb form.
Adpositions[edit]
The Orian language makes use of adpositions, which are particles and words that are mostly used to indicate the flow and objects of the conversation.
One of such adpositions is the -mo suffix, which indicates the focus of a conversation.
In the sentence ie pankekimo oraga (I ate [a] pancake)
Another adposition is used in the same way that the verb to be is used in the English language. It can be used as un (used as "is"/"am") or en (used as "are"). In less formal situations, it can be fully dropped.
Example: via un Yuukila (You are Yuuki/Your name is Yuuki)
The composition adposition used in the Orian language is hio. It can indicate what an object is made in/of/with.
Example: moika en kiaorile hio lageruka (These are Orian books)
The content adposition used in the Orian language is vaa, to indicate when the subject of the sentence is in/inside/within the object.
Example: via en naieushumo vaa aije (You're inside the house)
The ability adposition used in the Orian language is the suffix -giji, and the causal adposition is yoi, to indicate, respectively, an ability or disposition, and the cause of an event happening in an object or subject.
Example: ie vaa aleriji aijego, yoi moimo neoragiji, doumai (Sorry, I'm allergic, so I can't eat this)
The -ka suffix is used to indicate plurals, or more than one object or subject. It can be used both with a pronoun or with the object/subject in question.
Example: taika lageru / tai lageruka (these books)
The mio- prefix is used to denote excess of an object.
Example: tai lageru miokaanli! (This book is too big!)
Pronouns[edit]
Pronouns in Orian are inspired by the Japanese language, with the -ka suffix working mostly like the -tachi suffix in the Japanese language (e.g. watashi for 1st person singular and watashi-tachi for 1st person plural).
The 3rd person pronouns can be used as both gendered and ungendered depending on the context, e.g. when referring to someone.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st (I/me) | ie | ieka |
| 2nd (you) | via | viaka |
| 3rd (he/she/they) | omi | omika |
| Undefined 3rd (one) | kayomi | kayomika |
There are also undefined pronouns, which can indicate objects: the pronoun moi being used for "this", and moo (pronounced mo-oh) used for "that", with their plural forms being moika and mooka. Defined pronouns in Orian are tai (for "this") and taa (for "that").
The Orian language doesn't use a possessive pronoun per se, instead using the -fee suffix to indicate possession.
Example:
Person 1:
iefee lagerumo yire aije?(Where's my book?)
Person 2:moo bokushumo vaa aijego.(That's in the box.)
Names and titling[edit]
For names and titling (e.g. when referring to a person/place name), the name is translated to the Orian syllabary, and a suffix is used. If the name ends with a consonant, the -an suffix is used, while the -la suffix is used when the name ends with a vowel.
- Examples
- Yuukila - Yuuki
- Detoroitan (pronounced de•to•ro•i•t-an) - Detroit
- Riyuujila - Ryuuji
- Neuyookan (pronounced ne•u•yoo•k-an) - New York
Numbers and counting[edit]
Numbers in Orian use the decimal system, along with some suffixes to indicate decimal cases, date, time and order. For weekdays, only numbers 1 to 7 are used, with the first calendar weekday being Sunday. For time, both 12-hour and 24-hour systems can be used, though the 24-hour system is less confusing and cumbersome to use.
| Number | Word |
|---|---|
| 0 | ko |
| 1 | iin |
| 2 | len |
| 3 | waki |
| 4 | kawi |
| 5 | uru |
| 6 | kaya |
| 7 | jayen |
| 8 | tanai |
| 9 | paji |
| 10 | tebi |
| Variation | Example | Translated |
|---|---|---|
| Second | wakini | 3 seconds |
| Minute | wakigia | 3 minutes |
| Hour | wakiwon | 3 hours |
| Day | wakivan | Day 3 (3rd day) |
| Weekday | wakikifo | Tuesday (3rd weekday) |
| Month | wakiyoba | March (3rd month) |
| Ordinal | wakitami | 3rd (position 3) |
| Hundred | wakishi | 300 (three hundreds) |
| Thousand | wakihie | 3000 (three thousands) |
| Million | wakijali | 3000000 (three millions) |
| Amount | wakihiki | 3 things |
Verbs[edit]
Verbs are an important part of any language, and with Orian this is no exception. This page will explain about them in more detail.
Tenses[edit]
Verbs in Orian have 4 tenses (preterit/past, present, present continuous and future) indicated by a suffix. Verbs in the present tense use the -go suffix, while in past tense they use the -ga suffix, in future tense the -gigo suffix is used, and for present continuous the --goun suffix is used.
Verbs can also have a negative form. To denote it, the prefix ne- is used.
| Tense | Verb | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Preterit | oraga | ate |
| Present | orago | eat |
| Future | oragigo | [will] eat |
| Infinitive | ora | to eat |
| Pres. Cont. | oragoun | eating |
Verb voicing[edit]
For the infinitive form of a verb, its root is used.
Imperative verb voicing uses suffixes in verbs, and has three variations: suggestion, request and command. The request variant uses the -man suffix, while the suggestion variant uses -maki.
Command voicing can be done in two ways: using a verb in its future tense and using the -me suffix. Bear in mind that using a verb the future tense for imperative voicing is considered incredibly rude, even when coming from an authority.
A verb on its present tense used with any imperative denotes an immediate request, e.g. when you ask/are asked for help with something. When a verb on its past tense is used with a request imperative, it's used as a confirmation of a previous request, but when it's used with a suggestion or command imperative, it's used as a "conditional perfect" and a form of reprimanding.
Verbs on the future tense used with a request imperative denote asking for availability at a given time, although when it's used with a suggestion imperative, it's used for assigning a task or setting a schedule. Verbs on the future tense with a command imperative are considered redundant and extremely rude.
| Voice | Verb with Suffix | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Request | oragoman | [could/can you] eat |
| Suggestion | oragomaki | [you should] eat |
| Command (no suffix) | oragigo | [you will] eat |
| Command (suffix) | oragame | [do] eat (commanding, formal) |